Visual hallucinations are due to activation of visual memory circuits by diffuse toxicity. 

The auditory hallucinations of schizophrenia are not perceptions without stimuli, they are apperceptions without responses, specifically the corollary discharges that normally indicate apperceptive ownership of one’s responses to perception: apperception minus corollary discharge equals perception. 

Arousal that has been inhibited during childhood is intensified by the hormones of adolescence, and because the arousal is unfamiliar, it appears to be perceptive rather than apperceptive: there is a lack of apperceptive memories inclusive of first-person singular pronouns with which to connect and understand the intensified arousal.

The experience of self, and thus of first-person singular pronouns, requires the conjunction of subject activations and object inhibitions: at a moment when the subject feels alive, the object characterises the subject to the subject, without subjectivity.

Supposedly supernatural, occult, talismanic, and magical events are apperceptions by naive, or disingenuous, individuals, who do not ask, or who decide not to ask themselves: “Why am I choosing to behave in this way, in this place, at this time?”

Illusions vary within and between subjects, so they should be tested with systematic control of subjects and stimuli. When scans can distinguish between cortical layers, illusions will show less activation in the layers that perceive than in the layers that remember.

We recall apperceptions through our mind’s eye and our mind’s ear.